General management assignment Essay

INTRODUCTION (kfc ) Micro environment factors which the organisation controls . eg employees product ,price ,place and promotion, it can be considered to be the local environment where business operates and owners are aware of the impacts that they are faced with. Macro environment factors are the ones which the organisation does not control and may affect the business . eg political , economic, social, legal and technological factors. the environment are always changing so the companies must always adapt. Market environtment the act outside marketing management ability to build and maintain a succefull relationship with customers ,the environment always change and both customers and marketers wonder what the future will bring MAIN BODY THE EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ORGANISATION MICRO ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL FACTORS CUSTOMERS All businesses need customers ,they should be well balanced around customers .The company`s marketing plan should aim to attract customers through products that meets their needs and wants and good customers service EMPLOYEE Employing staff with good skills and experience is essential. Employees bring an influence on your business via ongoing training and promotion opportunities ,this process begins at recruitment stage .Training and development play a critical role in achieving a competitive edge MEDIA Media can be printed ,televised or inline ,positive media can make the organisation or its product and negative media can break the organisation . an organisation needs to manage the media so that the media can help promote positive things about them and reduce negative event on their reputation. SUPPLIER Supplier provides the business with the goods they need to carry out their business activities. A suppliers behaviour will impact the business it suppliers If a supplier provides poor service this could increase timescales and product quality,and increase in raw material THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF THE ORGANISATION MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS POLITIC This deals with the government policies and procedures which is worked out through legislation and consist of all legal factors such as Governmemt view on culture and religion. Taxation policy on tax rates and incentives. Political factor cans can create advantages and opportunities for organisation. ECONOMIC KFC organisation is affected with national and global economic factors like cost of labour, interest and inflation rates ,economic growth rates business cycle rates and unemployment rates. due to recession the income of the kfc has dropped down and most of the employees were jobless and the rest employees were employees few hours also the company had to cut down their costs SOCIAL It is the cultural and demographic aspects of the external macro environment. the pontential of the employees who come from different back grounds and work together in the kfc , and customer trends and aspects which the kfc has to consider as per their needs and wants of the customer such as changes in lifestyles and change in customers needs and wants. TECHNOLOGY This is driven internationally which reduce s the minimum of production levels and some of the technological factors are recent technological developments. Communication technology has now become the most important aspect in kfc as when the customers are mostly delighted and satisfied with the service including the latest technology that is available in the Kfc.  the latest technological method that are used to serve customers faster are such as digital screens ,wireless head phone for the staff cooking utensils. LEGAL The kfc has to maintain rule and regulations related to the hygiene factors such as employee training regarding the food and safety, personal hygiene ,Clean work environment and proper use of the utensils .this also deals with the legal environment in which the company operates. ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING Strength ,Weaknesses. Opportunities and threats .Managers will have to start analyzing the internal environment by looking into ineffciencies inside the organisation and will also look outside to the external environment and things taking place independent of the organisation. environmental scans allow managers to use the knowledge gained during the scanning process to decide what strategic steps the organisation needs to take to create a competitive advantage. CONCLUTION Training and development ,managers help with day to day running of the organisation.the must be responsible in creating an energetic and valuable work environment and customer service .Ensuraing quality products and cleanliness is delivered to all customers at good speed and with a smile . QUESTION 2 2.1 READ THE CASE study one from chapter three of your prescribed textbook 2.1.1 Answer question 1to 3 from the case study 1. Do you think there is a business opportunity for a cigar bar in Mamelodi ? There is no business opportunity in Mamelodi because there are three cigar bars in opened and the target market is so young. 2. Is the window of opportunity still open for cigar bars ? Window of opportunities is not opened ,because already they have three cigar Bars which their their target market is young. 3. How must Sanyana go about exploiting this opportunity to get started ? Sanyana must go to an area that is has no cigar bars and busy market 2.2 You have been appointed as a functional manager .You are in charge of marketing department .You need to revise the current marketing strategy. Answer the following questions in light of your new appointment and job task: How can you apply planning, organising , leading and control to manage this department? Managing a department is skill that requires good planning and development and enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions and implement action. Planning is the process of determining in advance what cost regardless of whether it is a long term priorities. Selecting, Motivating, training and appraising staff. Establishing Strustures and systems through which activities are arranged. Making decisions embodying decisions in instructions an serving as the leader of the department interrelating the various parts of the work . What skills you need to use and develop in order to manage this department? People skill – people tend to work with those whom they like or find pleasant to be around ,or atleast have good personalities when dealing with clients. . Technological skill – In the world that we are living in marketing professionals must have the technological skills to take advantage of these mediums .Marketing through social networking allows the communication of media campaigns and marketing promotions in realtimeto consumers . Project management skill – Marketing must display the skill set to conduct agile project management where marketing campaigns take advantage of the micro opportunities. . Marketing Research skill – This can help determine how previous products in the market have been presented to consumers and how a new productcan best be attack the market . Is decision making essential for future planning ?explain why Decision need  to made wisely under modifying circumstances with different amount of knowledge about alternatives and consequences.  In extention the decision making is often a group process. Consequently the manager must apply principles of democratic decision making since those involved in the decision making process will feel an interest in the result of the process. You need to evaluate employees in the department. how can â€Å"control† assist you with performance appraisal Employees are going to be appraised on all areas that they are responsible for by means of scoring system on how they are doing with their present duties fair , good or very good .that appraisal can be a great tool to monitor and control performance on their duties.

Veterans

Also, currently not enough care is given to veterans. Veterans have devoted their lives to this country and have made many sacrifices. There are approximately 21. illion veterans In the U. S. as of 2012. Of those veterans over 32,000 soldiers were wounded in Iraq. Also 4,787 U. S. troops died in Iraq serving their country. This service is not as appreciated as you would think, and I believe more effort should be put into taking care for all our veterans. The New Affordable Care Act makes it very difficult for veterans to receive reliable medical benefits and some even do more for our country. Many veterans still contribute to the nation's work force, even after returning home from war. Over half of the veterans In the U. S. are still able to work after returning rom war.Many veterans suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are not given the proper attention and care to get back on their feet and find a job. 1 OF2 stu01es snow tnat 4 cases 0T PISD were present arter tne Vletnam war, ana 1 million lifetime cases as a result of the same war. A third of the veterans in the U. S. are out of a Job due to the symptoms of PTSD. The VA needs to take it upon themselves to help veterans cope with life after the war, so that they can get their life back on track. After returning home from war veterans find it very difficult to get a Job and provide or themselves.Especially the individuals who were wounded, while defending their country. A majority of these people are wounded mentally as well as physically, and they cannot provide for themselves anymore. Many people believe that veterans are more of a pain than anything else. Since their tax dollars are being used to fund programs like the VA. These organizations are making it very difficult for veterans to receive any health benefits. The new rule is that veterans must be active duty for 24 continuous months in order to be eligible for any kind of medical coverage.Veterans hat have put their lives on the line to defend their country should not have to worry about how they are going to provide for themselves. It is my firm belief that the VA should extend their support for all veterans for everything they have done for our country. This service should be provided to veterans forever. Veterans have done more than enough to deserve this care, and they can still contribute to the labor force. Finally, not enough care is given to our veterans. Between 130,000 and 200,000 veterans are homeless in America. This represents between one fourth and one fifth of all of the homeless people in the country.

Nationality, Immigration & Asylum Law Coursework

Nationality, Immigration & Asylum Law - Coursework Example When regarding policy issue, the inextricable link that controls family and welfare raises stark policy issues to welfare practitioners, legal advisors, and all people and organizations concerned with justice in the social policy. It is ultimately counter-productive for the control opponents and deportations to simply parallel home office assault on the third world families in demand of right to the family unity2. This is because family construct, whether extended or nuclear, is personally and politically problematic. The Family Immigration Rights (FAIR) is therefore the organization that campaigns for the reforms and controls. There are emphasizes on different ways used to control and divide families. The manifesto states that: a family is a fundamental and natural group unit in the society and it has the right to protection by the government or state. By this, the work of feminists is ignored by both the Non-Europeans and Europeans, showing the family unity to be neither fundamenta l nor natural. As far as the control is concerned, the lauding family is not just ideological matter3. An inevitable effect is that, it makes it extremely hard for the single persons and the same sex couples to come or stay in UK. Another effect is contradictory arguments which are used in the campaigns against controls that involve women’s relationship with men. ... At stake will be respect for individual wishes to have the ability to live anywhere and with anyone they wanted to. For the women, it means that sovereignty and freedom of choice, free of state and men as immigration controls represent. The immigration controls are mostly based on the loyalty test. The best example is in UK whereby it is a demand that whoever settled there must make a complete break with the origin of the country. These are built juridical into immigration rules. Concerning marriage in UK, it cannot be used to confer automatic citizenship5. It can only be obtained through naturalization if the applicant has permanent stay in UK. The rules on immigration on marriages is stipulated in that when a person enters UK for marriage purposes, the persons or couples are put in probation period of two years. If the couple’s marriage breaks down before the period for any reason, the spouse to the dependant is liable to be deported. This rule was affecting the immigrants f orcing them to stay in an abusive marriage with the fear of being deported if the marriage ends. The immigration control rules for the spouses and partners is globally discussed and employed. The right to family life and privacy respect is widely recognized as basic and fundamental right in human rights laws. In the UK, the rights are protected by Article 8 under Human Rights Act 19986. The main aim of the article is to protect individuals against state agents’ intrusion unless the agent has a good reason in private sphere within which some individuals anticipate being left alone to conduct their own affairs and lead there lives the way they want. The act sets out legal protection of inviolability of psychological and personal space whereby each

Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Personality - Essay Example In additions, managers should mostly engage staff with proactive personality. Workers with this type of personality look for opportunities and act on them. They exhibit initiative and stop at nothing until the opportunity effects a change in the organization, In Personality psychology, Burger, Jerry (2010) identifies five broad dimensions or domains of personality. These domains are broadly referred to as the Five Big traits of personality. Personality experts and scholars broadly support the theory known as the five-factor model on which the Five Big traits of personality derive their base. The five big traits of personality, according to the theory, include openness (O), extraversion (E), conscientiousness (C), neuroticism (N) and agreeableness (A). Burger, Jerry (2011) suggests the use of acronyms such as OCEAN and CANOE to identify the five traits collectively. The chief purpose of the theory is to give an account for different characteristics and traits in personality. Empirical research on the Big Five personality characteristics has shown, to a large extent, consistency in observations, interviews and self-description. The research, therefore, indicates that the personality tests are very accurate and reliable. Burger, Jerry (2011) defines openness as the appreciation for emotions, art, imaginations, unusual ideas, curiosity and other experiences. They reckon that staffs that are open to new experiences are willing to try new ventures, intellectually curious and sensitive to changes in the organization. Unlike closed people, open people are very creative and more conscious of their feelings. Burger, Jerry (2011) adds that open people not likely to hold conventional beliefs. Open people prefer novelty to familiarity, and they do not resist change. A conscientious person acts dutifully, is self-disciplined and achieves above the expectations.

Interview a Family Business Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interview a Family Business Leader - Essay Example It included a family and professional development plan that helped to achieve its best performance. They obtained market value, have reached the best opportunities for investment and innovation, paying much attention on quality and operational efficiency of their businesses (Epperlein, Kier, Rach, 2014). One of such family- owned businesses is the E&J Gallo Winery. When eighty years ago brothers Julio and Ernest Gallo started their business, it was the beginning of their dream to come true with the Gallo family tree roots to be established deep into the winery production. Nowadays Ernest and Julio Gallo’s children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren are involved in the Winery, passing their family traditions and values not only to the next generation but also to the whole world. They pay attention to ethic, quality of products and perfection performance of the wines they produce (E.&J. Gallo Winery, 2014). The Gallos are the worlds biggest family-owned winery business and may become soon the U.S.’s largest company that produces wine. The business owns eight wineries, has sixty brands sparkling, still and dessert wines. It is the biggest exporter of California wine. Locating on ninety thousands acres of ground, it has long-term contracts. There is an information that worldwide sales of the company are about eighty million cases. In 2013, the E. & J. Gallo Winery company celebrated its 80th anniversary (PinotFile, 2014). Today the Vice President of Marketing for E. & J. Gallo Winery is Stephanie Gallo, the granddaughter of the Gallo founder. Starting her career from almost her childhood, now she is member of the Board of Directors for the Human Services Center and is a regular speaker on women in business. In 2007 Stephanie Gallo was named a Young Entrepreneur of the Year by California State University Stanislaus for her contribution into the family enterprise and life of the community (Braham, 2014). Stephanie Gallo have started her career

Eco-product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eco-product - Essay Example The awareness is brought about by passing or disseminating large quantities of information on the effects of goods on the environment and the mitigation measures for any situations related to the goods. Therefore, it is essential that there should be good relationships between the providers of the products and the consumers to ensure the dissemination of this kind of information is done effectively. The products in discussion in this paper are cars (Johnson 280). Over the past decade the world has been hit with several climate change effects, a lot of those have been attributed to the industries, mainly to the vehicles and the fuel used by them. Other major concerns that have come up over this decade include the rise in petroleum prices. This has driven many to think of better ways to conserve energy and they have had a different perception of energy security as a whole. The current market has shifted from using petroleum to light duty vehicles. They have invented the hybrid cars which either use electricity or use very little petroleum. The dependence on petroleum products has begun to bring up major concerns especially when it comes to economic issues. The oil prices are set to go higher over the years to come. This is because the resource is also being depleted and since it is not a renewable resource. It is becoming scarce by the day. With the production of new hybrid vehicles, the usage of petroleum has dropped and the risk of climate change and global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases has also dropped tremendously. According to the analysis, the amount of fuel being used in the United States alone has reduced dramatically. The results of the analysis show that, since the time that these vehicles entered the market, the amount of fuel that has been saved is an estimated 9 million barrels or three hundred and eighty five gallons of fuel. This simply means that more people are likely to purchase these types of vehicles

Assisted suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assisted suicide - Research Paper Example In physician-assisted suicide, the physician prescribes the lethal dose, knowing the patient intends to end their life. The argument in favor of euthanasia usually justifies itself by citing compassion for the pain and suffering of terminally ill or respect for â€Å"patient autonomy.† (Hendin, 2004). The online Medical Dictionary defines â€Å"patient autonomy† as: â€Å"Patient Autonomy: The right of patients to make decisions about their medical care without their health care provider trying to influence the decision. Patient autonomy does allow for health care providers to educate the patient but does not allow the health care provider to make the decision for the patient.† These two bases are often made ineffective. The physician may have the best intentions in their heart for the patient and yet harm the patient unknowingly. And on the other side, patient autonomy is useless if the patients are not made aware of the options available to them by a physician who is trained to do so. Although it might be true that the concerned physician is indeed compassionate to his or her patient’s needs, it is also possible that the physician does not know best. It has often been seen that due to lack of experience or skill, the physician has misdiagnosed the patient’s illness and perhaps sent someone who could have been cured to his or her death. This argument is meant to be an assertion of the patient’s right to choose death over life. But can any member of society, one who is inextricably connected to other members of the society, really be allowed to exercise their freedom of choice in any manner they choose? If that was true, it would be completely acceptable for us to say, murder our neighbor just because we chose to. In its favor, Peter Rogatz in â€Å"The Positive Virtues of Physician-Assisted Suicide† states that human dignity is often at stake for patients. Even if they are not terminally ill or are not suffering from

Marketing to Teenagers on Social Networking Sites Dissertation

Marketing to Teenagers on Social Networking Sites - Dissertation Example 2.0. Literature review Contrary to popular belief, not all teenagers participate in social media (Berman & Amy 2001, p. 3). The proliferation of the media in recent times however has ensured that although not all teens are networked at the same time, there is at least a sizeable population that is at a given time (Ito 2007, pp, 6). Marketers are aware that some teenagers do not participate in social media because they are either disenfranchised or simply choose to object with the popular notion. These numbers are not as large and therefore marketers concentrate on those who actually take part. Parents were cited as the major hindrance to those teens that do not frequent social media (Lenhart 2007, pp. 15). Objectors are those who are politically opinionated and have personal reasons that make them detest social media. Segmentation in the social media cannot be dependent on race or social class. Research that was done by Boyd (2007, p. 3) indicates that poor black teenagers or from other minority groups have the same capability of accessing and utilizing social media as do white teenagers from wealthier backgrounds in the United States. The only difference is the length at which they stay in the media (Sundà ©n 2003, p. 75). Those who access it in school are likely to have short access spans which mean that their involvement is primary or just as an asynchronous tool of communication. Those form richer backgrounds are however likely to have nighttime access which means that they have more time to modify their profiles.

A multinational company maximises its competitive advantage by Essay - 1

A multinational company maximises its competitive advantage by controlling its own supply chain. Discuss - Essay Example Most numbers of the MNCs in the present business environment are likely to strengthen along with build wide network of their supply chain strategies in order to attain superior competitive position (Costinot, Vogel & Wang, 2011). With regard to the field of governance, the supply chain mechanisms that implement by the MNCs are often incorporated with complex systems due to the prevalence of different structure along with power proportion existing between the business partners. The organisations such as McDonald’s, Wal-Mart and Nestle S. A. among others are highly inclined with maintaining strong supply chain governance that enables them to proactively perform range of business operations across the global subsidiaries. In relation to increase the efficiency along with the business operations, organisations are significantly influenced by the aspect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). According to the present increasing growth of globalisation, FDI portfolios have major bearing upon the competitive position of the MNCs. FDI has long been identified as an essential aspect for the countries, facilitating them to stabilise their respective economic position. The development of FDI can only be made through the accession of MNCs into respective business markets. The integration of MNCs generally enables the countries to obtain substantial direct investment and also radically develop their commodity along with technical trade facilities (Qin, 2011). In this context, the theories associated with the efficiency of the firms have greater influence regarding the success of an organisation (Kusluvan, 1998).Based on the competitive scenario of the modern business environment, the primary objective of this essay is to demonstrate an in-depth understanding about the conventional theories associated with the major attributes that can be observed to remain in an unconventional SCM process. The essay therefore, tends to critically assess and justify the importance of an e ffective set of SCM process along with its key roles that further lead organisations to accomplish greater competitive advantage. 2. Discussion 2.1 Theories of the Firms With respect to the unconventional changes along with rapid development of SCM strategies made by the global organisations, it is widely accepted that strategies are generally developed in order to attain long-term sustainability in the competitive market. A few of the major theories associated with firms’ long-term sustainability have been briefly demonstrated in the following discussion. Coase Theorem The concerns associated with building interpersonal relationship regarding the individual efficacy creeps through taking into concern the conventional theorem ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, which developed by Ronald H. Coase. In relation to Coase theorem, the issues associated with impossibility in terms of making scientific comparison of interpersonal individual efficacy can be considered as one o f the problems of social cost. In order to effectively deal with the problems of social cost, the Coase theorem and its disciples play an essential role for the modern entrepreneurs to reduce optimum influence of externalities such as air or noise pollution (North, 1992). The Coase theorem of the firms tends to define economic efficiency concerning economic allocation with the

Purpose of Business Research and Business Research Proposal

Purpose of Business and Business - Research Proposal Example ging from a historically economic role, the business organization has evolved in response to social and political mandate of national public policy, rapid technology growth and revolution in global communication. The authors cited above have identified the following factors which characterize the complex business decision making environment. Moreover increasing concerns of general public about environment and changing geo-political scenario of the world are continuously exerting pressure on world economy. Consequently the managers have to make decisions in more complex environment Emory C. William (1985) has cautioned that the risks associated with decision making environment have been substantially increased. The complexity of decision making environment warn that decision makers making decisions without sound a priori justification based on research are treading on dangerous grounds. To do well in such an environment, we will need to understand how to identify quality information and to recognize solid research on which high risk decisions can be based. Managers will also need to know how to conduct research. Developing these skills requires understanding the scientific method as it applies to managerial decision making environment. Recent years have seen emergence of research concerned with the human relations aspects of business. Morals and attitude studies have been conducted for many years. Cooper Donald R. and Schindler Pamela S. and Emory C William have attempted to make clear demarcation between Applied and Pure research. They have categorically mentioned that Applied research has a practical problem-solving emphasis whereas pure research is conducted for the advancement of theories and knowledge. The demarcation remains no longer clear when we have to consider psychological, social and behavioral aspects in business research. In seeking insight from business research there are two main requirements of the analysis. First, to identify the various

Husayn-McMahon Essay Example for Free

Husayn-McMahon Essay McMahon-Hussein Correspondence refers to an exchange of letters between Sharif Husayn Ibn Ali of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon of Britain detailing the future of the Arab world in the face of a possible annexation by the Ottoman Turks. The background to this communication can be traced to early 1914 when Sharif Husayn’s son, Amir, paid a visit to the then British Consular in Egypt, Lord Kitchener, seeking British assurance that they would offer their support incase Arabs opted to revolt against Turkey. While at first Kitchner was reluctant to make any commitment, his successor in the region, McMahon, upon sensing the dwindling British fortunes in the Middle East, made hefty promises to garner the Arabs support during the First World War. It is during this period that McMahon would initiate correspondence with Husayn. The Husayn family emerged to be an influential force in the Middle East as it lay claim to be the descendant of Muhammad and held the mantle leadership of a number of kingdoms in the region (Daly 215). The issue of McMahon-Hussein correspondence has emerged highly controversial and is held to be at the core of the crisis in the Middle East. It is regarded as an important correspondence by the Palestinians as it was seen as a commitment by the British of granting them independence. In these series of letters, Husayn had asked for Arabs independence, he outlined these areas to be the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine and Iraq amongst others. McMahon on the other hand made a commitment to ensure the independence of a number of territories which would not damage the existing cordial relations with France. Arabs in the Middle East have maintained that British had promised independence to the Palestinians; on the other hand, Britain claims that this was merely a declaration of intent that was not legally binding and cannot be used to lay claim of independence to the Palestinians (Mack 123).

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Essay Example for Free

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Essay Circuit switching, although more reliable than packet-switching because it is able to get your message across without any hiccups, is old and expensive. Circuit switching is based on having a dedicated line or session between two stations and thus, you are able to get the full message across without congestion or interruptions. An example of circuit switching hardware is PBX. In addition, with circuit switching, a path to the destination is already decided upon before the transmission starts and it only terminates once the session is complete and sends its message through. A disadvantage of circuit switching is that you are only able to use the line or transmit one session at a time because of its dedicated circuit. Another disadvantage is its cost. Packet switching is more modern and transmits voice data. Although, as compared to circuit switching, the quality may be lower because of the ability to use lines or sessions at the same time and thus, creating congestion or even data loss. With packet switching there is no circuit dedication like circuit switching. However, unlike circuit switching where the path to the destination is already decided upon before transmission, with packet switching, each packet has to find its own route to the destination. The disadvantage of packet switching is the potential for low quality transmissions and even data loss. In my opinion, these days, packet switching is more commonly used because it is used in LAN technologies or set ups. I would think that circuit switching is used for analog lines and networks, but during these days where most organizations are changing to digital and especially VoIP, packet switching would be more common.

Examining Quality Control and Operation Management in Dell

Examining Quality Control and Operation Management in Dell Dell is one of the most successful and profitable computer corporations in history. It has been known for its innovative customer service and product custom configuration. As it continues to grow, it is faced with the challenge of how to maintain its customer relationships and inventory management, while continuing to meet the demands and requirements of its customers. This paper will examine how Dell implements enterprise-wide computing software, which profiles and targets its customers, as well as streamlines the flow of its products throughout the supply chain. Dells collaboration with other computer software companies has allowed it to become a leader in customer relationship management (CRM) and supply-chain management (SCM). These initiatives have resulted in net revenues of between $30 and $60 million over the last five years. Supply Chain Management is becoming more and more important for the success of todays business world. Dell has realized this trend from its very first step and has become one of the most successful PC companies in the world by putting emphasis on its supply chain, concentrating on its its build-to-order and direct sales strategies. Dell is still figting with quality control management problem. . The quality problem relates to low and high end servers, laptops, and desktop models. The regular check up by company indicate a high increase in the number of machines that need to be serviced by Dell in the field soon after the delivery, and also machines returned to Dell for replacement/repair. Introduction Dell Inc. is a multinational information technology corporation that develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The headquarters of dell are in Round Rock, Texas, United States.Dell has employed more than 90,500 people all over the world according to the survey in the current year[update]. Dell grew during the 1980s and 1990s and became the largest seller of PCs but this was not for a long time. At the end of 2009, it held the first position in computer sales, the company sold personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, and computer peripherals. Dell also sells HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players and other electronics built by other manufacturers. As of April 2010, Dell topped in computer sales leaving behind HP and Acer. In 2006, Fortune magazine ranked Dell as the 25th-largest company in the Fortune 500 list, 8th on its annual Top 20 list of the most-admired companies in the United States. In 2007, Dell ranked 34th durinf first few months an during last quarter it was ranked 8th on the equivalent lists for the year. In 2006 one of the top magazines identified Dell as one of 38 high-performance companies in the SP 500 that had consistently out-performed the market over the previous 15 years. On January 31, 2007, Kevin B. Rollins, CEO of the company since 2004, resigned as both CEO and as a director, and Michael Dell resumed his former role as CEO. Investors and many shareholders said that rollins due to poor performance of the company resigned his job. The company announced fourth time in same year that the company was fail to reach what the analyst estimated and the results were not upto the mark. In February 2007, Dell became the subject of formal investigations by the U.S. SEC and the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. The company has not formally filed financial reports for either the third or fourth fiscal quarter of 2006, and several class-action lawsuits arrised based on there recent performance report. Dell Inc due to lack of financial disclosure was in a bad side but would normally subject the company to de-listing from the nasdaq and luckily exchange gave a waiver to dell to exchange was done on normal basis and rate. On March 1, 2007, downfall kept the company showing a quarterly report of gross sales of $14.4 billion, down 5% year-over-year, and net income of $687 million,down 33%.NASDAQ extended the companys deadline for filing financial statements to May 4. The computer industry includes computer software, computer hardware, as well as the production of computer components, assembly, logistics distribution, sales, marketing, and the provision of information technology services. Dell is in the business of manufacturing computers and servers. Its competitors are Hewlett Packard/Compaq, IBM, Apple, and Gateway(depending upon the country competitors may vary eg-gateway is not officialy available in india) The new trend in the computer industry is to become a virtual corporation and Dell is leading the way. According to Dedrick and Kraemer (2006), Dell is aiming to combine the cost advantages of horizontal specialization with close coordination of vertical integration. In the early 1990s, Dell shifted to new strategies and tried to distribute its products through retail outlets, later realizing how unprofitable this approach was. It decided to focus on improving customer service and support by allowing customers to place and custom configure orders directly. This resulted in a unique strategy-customization. Nearly one out of five standards-based computer systems sold in the world today is a Dell. Dell has one simple concept: to sell computer systems directly to customers. Dells customers are global wide and range from individuals, small businesses, large businesses, and institutional organizations, such as schools and hospitals. The mission statement for Dell is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience (htttp:\www.dell.com). Since Dell is a global wide company, its direct approach is relevant across product lines, regions and customer segments (http://www.dell.com). Michael Dell started Dell in 1984, he had limited cash and purchased most of the supplies needed to build his first computers after the sales were made. Well-established computer manufacturers like IBM had a lock on the computer market, where customers preferred to purchase products from retail outlets. This new idea of building-to-order and ordering over the phone was a major risk. The first obstacle was to create a need on part of the customer to desire the purchase of a customized computer. The second hurdle was having customers call a toll free number to order the product. Dell had to find a way to overcome these obstacles and then provide a service that would build a reputation for superior business to consumer efficiency. OPERATION MANAGEMENT Every business is managed through three major functions: finance, marketing, and operations management. Operations management (OM) is the business function that plans, organizes, coordinates, and controls the resources needed to produce a companys goods and services. Operations management is a management function. It involves managing people, equipment, technology, information, and many other resources. The role of operations management is to convert or transform a companys inputs into the finished goods or services. Inputs include human resources (such as workers and managers), facilities and processes (such as buildings and equipment), as well as materials, technology, and information. Proper management of the operations function has led to success for many companies. For example, in 1994 Dell Inc. was a second-tier computer maker that managed its operations similar to others in the industry. Then Dell implemented a new business model that completely changed the role of its operations function. Dell developed new and innovative ways of managing the operations function that have become one of the examples in todays world. These changes enabled Dell to provide rapid product delivery of customized products to customers at a lower cost, and thus become an industry leader. With historical development there are different concepts in operation management eg. total quality management supply chain management and inventry control management. Total Quality Management As customers demand never ending higher quality in their products and services, companies have been forced to focus on improving quality in order to remain in the business. Total quality management (TQM) is a philosophy, promulgated by quality gurus such as W. Edwards Deming, that passionately seeks to improve product quality by removing causes of product defects and making quality that speaks by itself.With TQM everyone in the company is responsible for quality. TQM was practiced by some companies in the 1970s and became a major part of the company in the 1990s. This is an area of operations management that no competitive company has been able to ignore. The importance of this movement is demonstrated by the number of companies joining the ranks of those achieving ISO 9000 certification. ISO 9000 is a set of quality standards developed for global manufacturers by the International Organizationfor Standardization (ISO) to control trade into the then-emerging European Economic Community (EEC). Today many companies require their suppliers to meet these standards as a condition for obtaining contracts. Supply Chain Management Supply chain management (SCM) involves managing the flow of materials and information from suppliers and buyers of raw materials all the way to the final customer. The objective is to have everyone in the chain work together to reduce cost and improve quality and service delivery. Supply chain management requires a team approach, with functions such as marketing, purchasing, operations, and engineering all working together. This approach has been shown to resulted in satisfyeing more customers, meaning that everyone in the chain profits. SCM has become possible with the development of information technology (IT) tools that enable joint planning and scheduling. The technologies allow supply chain execution and design collaboration, which enables companies to respond better and faster to changing market needs. Numerous companies, including Dell Computer, Wal-Mart, and Baxter Healthcare, have achieved world-class status by effectively managing their supply chains. In details we will talk about the strategy and management of dell here. Dell competetive advantages Dells Direct Business Model Commitment to Open Standards Order Velocity/Build to Order Supply Chain Optimisation Continuous Process Improvement Inventory control The term inventory means the value or amount of materials or resource on hand. It includes raw material, work-in-process, finished goods stores spares. Inventory Control is the process by which inventory is measured and regulated according to predetermined decisions such as economic lot size for order or production, safety stock, minimum level, maximum level, order level etc. Traditionally, the focus on inventory management has always been about not running out of finished goods. Manufacturers would always have more and more excessive amounts of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods with regard not for holding costs but only for protecting against a stock-out. If demand was higher than expected or a supplier missed a shipment, inventory would bail the manager out. As long as outbound shipments were satisfied, so were the operations managers. But there was a problem in this policy because holding costs and other practices were difficult to nagae due to low technology and managers ignore these. Holding costs can be defined as the annual costs that are incurred by holding onto inventory.The dollar amount for holding costs typically ranges between 20-40% of annual average inventories. For example, if a firm has average inventories of $1000, the firm would have an annual holding cost at least $200. Common factors that attract holding costs include opportunity costs, increased rent required for the space of the inventory, higher premiums to insure the inventoryand cost of absolute goods. Opportunity costs are the highest cost. For example, if a firm has an average inventory level resulting in $100 million worth of goods, the firm effectively has $100 million tied up in inventory. Assuming these funds are not being loaned to the firm (which immediately results in interest expenses), then these are funds that should be used in other investments. Objectives of Inventory Control To meet future demand due to variation in forecast figures and actual figures. To cover demand due to seasonal or cyclic variations. To meet the customer requirement timely, effectively, efficiently, smoothly and satisfactorily. To smoothen the production process. To provide help for intermediate several products on the same facility. To gain economy of production or purchase in lots. To reduce loss due to changes in prices of inventory items. To meet the time lag for transportation of goods. To meet the technological constraints of production/process. To balance various costs of inventory such as order cost or set up cost and inventory carrying cost To balance the stock out cost/opportunity cost due to loss of sales against the costs of inventory. To minimize losses due damage,robbing etc. To stabilize employment,resources and machine and human efforts. Benefits of Inventory Control Ensures an adequate supply of materials Minimizes inventory costs Facilitates purchasing economies Eliminates duplication during ordering Better utilization of available stocks Provides a check against the loss of materials Facilitates cost accounting activities Enables management in cost comparison Locates disposes inactive and expired store items Basis for financial statements which is reliable. Inventory control Dell Using todays technology, manufacturers and retailers are achieving inventory turns that are as important as the supply chains that produce them. Take for example Dell. Dell has achieved a system that at times leaves them with average inventories for long enough to last only three days. Instead of incurring holding costs, Dell doesnt order until the demand is in place. The system Dell has achieved is referred to as a Just In Time (JIT) system. JIT is designed to keep inventories as low as possible by producing only what is needed and when it is needed. The technology involved allows customers to place an order on Dells website and receive their computer within days and maximum of 1 month. Dells website is connected to their electronic data interchange (EDI) system which allows suppliers to see what parts Dell requires as soon as the customer orders the computer. The suppliers, who make multiple shipments to Dell daily, supply Dell with the parts they need when, and only when, they require them. Although the software is costly, for Dell, and some many other firms, the result is savings that give competitive advantage. However, JIT is an extremely difficult system to set up that requires years of practice and extremely cooperative suppliers to perfect. For many firms, this is not an option. In particular, this system is not designed for products that have a very large backorder cost. Backorder costs are the costs associated with failing to meet demand. Maybe the product is a commodity and the cost is nothing more than lost revenue, but maybe the backorder results in bad word of mouth that drives the cost even higher than the lost revenue. It is important for a firm to determine the approximate costs tied to backorders. When this is achieved, managers can compare holding costs to backorders in order to help determine what optimal inventory levels are. Unfortunately, backorder costs and holding costs arent the only variables involved with optimal inventory levels. Other costs such as ordering costs (costs associated with ordering. Includes paperwork, inventory counts, etc.) , supplier lead times (how long it takes between ordering and receiving materials), and supply lead time and demand variations are also important variables that cant be ignored. All of these variables can make optimal inventory levels very difficult for managers to determine. Today, software bus iness solutions help to both ease the workload and drive down costs (in particular, ordering costs). Dells Inventory Turnover Data   Year     Ã‚     Inventory Turnover     Ã‚     Ã‚     Weeks Inventory 1992     Ã‚     4.79     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚   10.856 1993     Ã‚     5.16     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚   10.078 1994     Ã‚     9.4     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚      5.532 1995     Ã‚     9.8     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚      5.306 1996     Ã‚     24.2     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚   2.149 1997     Ã‚     41.7     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚   1.247 1998     Ã‚     52.40     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚      0.992 1999     Ã‚     52.40     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚      0.992 2000     Ã‚     51.4     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚   1.012 2001     Ã‚     63.50     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     Ã‚     0.819   Key point to notice here is that Dell was carrying over 10 weeks worth of inventory in 1993. By 2001, Dell was carrying less than 1 weeks worth of inventory. This essentially means that inventory used to sit around for 11 weeks and now it sits around for less than 1 week. So what does this mean for Dell? computers lose 1 percent of their value per week. This isnt like the canned food industry where managers can let their supplies sit around for months before anyone comes and orders. Computers arent canned goods, and as Kevin Rollins of Dell says-.they are rot,the longer a computer sits around, the less it is worth.   Due to depreciation alone, in 1993 Dell was losing roughly 10% per computer because the computers were all ready to be sold but there was no order coming. In 2001, Dell was losing less than a percent. Based on holding costs alone, Dell reduced costs by nearly 9%.   Since 2001, Dell has continueed to lower inventory. Looking at their latest annual reports, days inventory has dropped by approximately a day.   Benefits of low inventory: Supply chain management A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. In other words, a supply chain (SC) includes all organizations that collaborate in order to produce and deliver a finished product to the final customer. An example of a simple, direct SC would be the one which contains one supplier, a distributor of the materials, the bakery and a customer. Supply chains can be different in size, how complex the relation is inbetween the members and distribution of physical presence. In the following figure two different types of channel relations can be seen: direct, where the SC consists of one supplier and one customer of an organisation, and extended, where apart from the above, a suppliers supplier, a customers customer, etc. are included. In general, supply chains are dynamic, and involve the flow of information, products and funds between different stages. Supply chain management has the objective to have the right products in the right quantities at the right time at minimum cost, a situation that would guarantee optimal service levels for the customer and optimal performance for the organizations as a whole and separately. So, SCM involves the management of flows between and among members of the supply chain in order to maximize total supply chain profitability, hence maximize the total value generated throughout the SC. while recognizing the existence and importance of the others an organization needs first to decide about its supply chain strategy and then decide and take required actions that will fulfill the customer demand. Dells Supply Chain Strategies The direct model refers to the fact that Dell does not use the retails channel, but sells its PCs directly to customers through its website, Dell.com, as Figure shows. This way the intermediary steps that may add time and cost are eliminated, and Dell is directly linked to its customers.this strategy look very simple but its very hard to adopt and manage such a policy,a very high qualified and experienced staff is required. Fig 1 fig 2 Indirect Distribution channel for PC industry Direct ditribution channel for PC industry(figure 1 as shown by dell) When Dell was a smaller company than it is now, before the development of powerful, industry-standard servers of the type that Dell manufactures, the Dell IT group ran its SCM database applications on large, expensive, proprietary servers based on the UNIX ® OS. However, as the company grew, servers lacking the necessary capacity had to be replaced with even larger, more powerful servers. And because the servers were not upto the mark and efficient, updating a single server often required shutting down entire systems. The increased performance of industry-standard DelPowerEdge servers, however, has enabled Dell IT to create cost-effective, highly scalable systems using Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 10g. In fact, Dell sells directly to all its customers, from home-PC users to the worlds largest corporations. This way it creates a direct relationship with each individual customer, which turns out to be a great source of competitive advantage. As Michael Dell has stated, this direct relationship creates valuable information about the customer, thus Dell knows who the end users are, what they have bought from Dell and what their preferences are, a fact that allows Dell to offer add-on products and services, and stay, in general, closer to the customer. Quality control Recent data points indicate that on top of mounting corporate governance and sluggish growth issues, but dell may also be facing a problem of quality control. The quality problem relates to low end servers, laptops, and desktops, not the high-end server models. Channel checks indicate a noticeable increase in the number of machines that need to be serviced by Dell in the field shortly after delivery, and also units returned to Dell for replacement/repair. For the most part, Dell outsources assembly to offshore partners in Taiwan and China. It is not clear yet if the issues are caused by sloppy manufacturing or design flaws. We suspect the former, and will continue to check field data. In addition, Dell is struggling through early adoption of the Microsoft Vista operating system, and users may not be able to differentiate whether the problems they are having with new laptops stem from poor build quality, design issues, instability in the operating system or incompatibility in application components with Vista. Quality issues with Dell laptops are nothing new we routinely saw evidence of that last year. The rise of problems with low end servers and desktops is troubling and our checks indicate that it is costing Dell money and starting the downfall of its brand. The timing of this quality lapse could not be worse for management, considering the recent announcements about errors in accounting and financial controls. An executive of a system builder that often competes with Dell said he finds the company has been much less cost-competitive since Michael Dell has returned to the CEO position at the company, and that the PC maker is representing a certain amount of confusion in competing for business throughout this quarter. Cost issues and turmoil appear to be piling on to Dells quality issues from last year, when the company recalled 4.2 million notebook batteries due to fire hazards. For its part, though, Dell has said it has found its response to customers with quality or technical problems has improved. SWOT Analysis of Dell Computer Strengths Dells Direct Model approach of enables the company to offer direct relationships with customers such as corporate and institutional customers. Their strategic method also provides other forms of products and services such as internet and telephone purchasing, customized computer systems; phone and online technical support and next-day, on-site product service. This extensive range of products and services is definitely one of Dells strengths. Dell Computers award-winning customer service, industry-leading growth and consistently strong financial performance differentiate the company from competitors for the following reasons: Price for Performance Dell represents a very efficient procurement, manufacturing and distribution process allowing it to offer customers powerful and customized systems at competitive prices. Customization Each Dell system is built to order to meet each customers specifications.this is the only company till now which has been efficient in applyeing this strategy through the world.Under developed countries like india where people are not much in contact with internet,they are also aware of the companyz system of online oredering and customizing and almost 90 percent of the people are satisfied by this. Reliability, Service and Support Dells direct customer allows it to provide the most efficient customer service before and after the sale.the industry of computer is such that only a technical help person can fix the system and when dell provides with such a service of online omitting errors and toll free registering complaint and on the spot servicing ,this gives a customer a plus point then other companies. Latest Technology Dell is able to introduce the latest relevant technology compared to companies using the indirect distribution channels. Dell turns over inventory for an average of every six days, keeping inventory costs low. The companys application of the Internet to other parts of the business including procurement, customer support and relationship management is growing at a rate of 30 percent. The companys Web site received at least 25 million visits at more than 50 country-specific sites.the latest technology also carries effective attractions like customizing the outer looks like different variants of colours,the girls have different choice and boys have different.the company also earns more through this because the more you customize,the more a customer has to pay for it.now adays dell is also providing to make its own design on the outer screen . Weaknesses Dells biggest weakness is attracting the college student segment of the market. Dells sales revenue from educational institutions such as colleges only accounts for a mearly 5% of the total. Dells focus on the corporate and government institutional customers somehow affected its ability to form relationships with educational institutions. Since many students purchase their PCs through their schools, Dell is obviously not popular among the college market yet. Dell is not available in retail outlets, customers cannot go to retailers because Dell does not use distribution channels. Customers just cant buy Dell as simply as other brands because each product is custom-built according to their specifications and this might take days to finish.most of the times it happens that customer is unaware of the specifications of the the materials to be installed so according to him customizing the pc is a big headache and customer will go for simple buying. Dell weakness lies in their time of delivery also.normally 15 to 20 days are followed after the order have been placed.people requiring a urgent pc or youth exited about a new laptop or pc doesnt want to wait for these many days.it happens with us most of the times,whne we are in a mood to buy something we want that thing to be delivered as soon as possible.this is alos a major weakness of dell. Opportunities Computers according to customer demand and requirement and becoming more and more popular and also a necessity today. Customers are getting more and more educated about computers. The first time users may avoid dell but a second time usr will always prefer dell because now he or she is more known to the product,more aware about what he requires and also keen to use more and high performance technology. Desktops are now out of fashion and people are going for laptops because it is easy to carry and easy portable device.this is a major segment where company can focus and attain a reputed position. The internet is also playin a major role in dell sales and orders because dell is not available through outlets and now days people are more aware of the internet and its use.dell laptops and pc can be ordered with vast varieties of variants of each and every product where as in case of retail outlets the variety available is not so much. Threats This is such a industry or market where thousands of new products are launched each month because the it industry has well established and each and every technical person has an ability to develop a hardware or software.we can see each day a new and very innovative products are launched related to computer industry.dell has to keep an eye on new products that are alays being launched and also try to make new products so that company can maintain its reputation of an innovative company. The company also faces a big problem of producing product that are high in quality and low in price.when such a situation comes a company has to make every effort to make maximum sales and profit. One more problem or threat is price between companies are decreasing day by day and there is almost an equal price for the same product in two comapnies. Dells Direct selling attracts customers because it saves cost. Other companies are alsooffering computers at low costs, this could hurt the dell customer base and customers can shift to other pc companies. With almost identical prices, price difference is no longer an issue for a customer. They might choose other brands instead of waiting for Dells customized computers. The next threat is decrearing rate of computer industry and unluckily dell has the maximum share in this industry,suppose if the demand decreases the the competition will become more hard and company would have to work more harder and harder to maintain its position in the market Technology is advancing day by day.if on the one side its an opportunity for the industry,on the other side its also a threat for the industry because the computer industry is such an industry where an new technology or product doesnt need a much high investment and large firms face competiton when small companies introduce new and efficient products at much smaller price Technology dictates that the most up-to-date and fastest products are always the most popular. Dell has to always keep up with technological advancements to be able to compete. Porters five force model for dell- Threat of new entrants-moderate. Reasons- The capital required for investment is low for new companies. Differentiation in products is also low but brand name can be considered as an entry barrier. The economies of scale is also low. The government or legal barriers are also low or alomot nill(depending upon country to country) . Rivalry-high Reasons- There is a price war due to low margin. The continuing decrease in profit. High concentration of the market. Threat of substitutes-low Reasons- If we look at the survey evry 4 th person ahs a

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun †Mama :: Raisin Sun essays

A Raisin in the Sun – Mama Mama has dreams for her family to rise from poverty and live in a better and bigger place and also for them to continue to grow together as a family. Mama has a plant that she also cares for. She takes care of this plant as if it was one of her own children. Mama's children also have their own dreams and their own plans on how to attain those dreams. The family's competing dreams are emphasized by Hansberry's recurring use of the motif--Mama's plant. In the opening scene of the play Mama goes to her plant and nurtures it. Mama tries to instill the value of family importance to her children as she struggles to keep them together and functioning (Kohorn). The plant symbolizes Mama's dreams of owning her own house. She uses part of the money to put a down payment on a house in a white neighborhood. Beneatha is Mama's youngest child. She aspires to become a doctor. Mama wants Beneatha to become what she wants so she decided to put aside some of the insurance money for Beneatha's schooling. Beneatha struggles as a young independent woman who has yet to find her identity. She finds herself trying new hobbies and dating two very different men. During a conversation with one of those men, Asagai, Beneatha is forced by Asagai to realize that she is not very independent at all. In fact she has been depending on the insurance money to get her through school. After this realization, Beneatha gains thoughts on how to achieve her dream of becoming a doctor (Kohorn). She presents her mother with her decision of getting married and how she "plans to find her roots in Africa" with Asagai (Silver). Walter wants the insurance money so that he can prove that he is capable of making a future for his family. By doing well in business, Walter thinks that he can buy his family happiness. Mama cares for Walter deeply and hates seeing him suffer so she gave into his idea. Mama gives Walter the rest of the money and tells him to put half in a bank for his sister's schooling and he could do whatever he wanted with the other half.

Franklin D. Roosevelt :: essays papers

Franklin D. Roosevelt On January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born.James Roosevelt, Franklin's father, was a prosperous railroad official and landowner(Lawson 25). His predecessors, when they came from the Netherlands, were succes Roosevelt learned from private tutors, not going to school until the age of fourteen. He had already studied German, Latin and French by the time he had started school(Freidel 6). Sailing, bird hunting and stamp collecting were among his hobbies. On his In 1896, at the age of fourteen his parents sent him away to Groton, Massachusetts, to a private, boys only, boarding school. He was not very popular among the students, but was respected by his peers and was never the object of pranks pulled by his fellow students. Roosevelt went on to enter Harvard in 1900. There too Roosevelt remained an average student, making it through with a C average most of the time(Hacker 19). At Harvard, his social activities took preference over his academic pursuit and the In 1903 Roosevelt graduated from Harvard and entered the Columbia Law School. He dropped out in his third year after passing the New York bar examination(Hacker 24). Soon after, Roosevelt started practicing law with a New York law firm. While still in law school, Roosevelt met Anna Eleanor Roosevelt a distant cousin, only a few years younger than him(Alsop 28). They were married on St. Patrick's day, March 17th, 1905(Freidel 13). He was twenty-three and she was twenty-one. Her fathe A few years later in 1910, Roosevelt accepted the Democratic nomination for the New York State Senate(Freidel 17). He won the election, and in the following January he entered the Senate at the young age of twenty-eight(Freidel 18). Later in 1912 he ra In July of 1921, while vacationing at Campobello Island, he went sailing with his children. One day, they saw, what appeared to be a forest fire, on a nearby island they quickly sailed to shore to help put out the fire. It took a couple of hours and w was able to walk in the pool unaided. His disease, poliomyelitis, had affected him on land but in the water he was as quick as anyone. In 1926 he bought Warm Springs for $200,000(Hacker 40). In 1927 he contributed two-thirds of his wealth(Freidel 47) a His physical disabilities didn't hinder his climb of the political ladder.

lena horne :: essays research papers

Singer/actress Lena Horne's primary occupation was nightclub entertaining, a profession she pursued successfully around the world for more than 60 years, from the 1930s to the 1990s. In conjunction with her club work, she also maintained a recording career that stretched from 1936 to 2000 and brought her three Grammys, including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1989; she appeared in 16 feature films and several shorts between 1938 and 1978; she performed occasionally on Broadway, including in her own Tony-winning one-woman show, Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music in 1981-1982; and she sang and acted on radio and television. Adding to the challenge of maintaining such a career was her position as an African-American facing discrimination personally and in her profession during a period of enormous social change in the U.S. Her first job in the 1930s was at the Cotton Club, where blacks could perform, but not be admitted as customers; by 1969, when she acted in the film Death of a Gunf ighter, her character's marriage to a white man went unremarked in the script. Horne herself was a pivotal figure in the changing attitudes about race in the 20th century; her middle-class upbringing and musical training predisposed her to the popular music of her day, rather than the blues and jazz genres more commonly associated with African-Americans, and her photogenic looks were sufficiently close to Caucasian that frequently she was encouraged to try to "pass" for white, something she consistently refused to do. But her position in the middle of a social struggle enabled her to become a leader in that struggle, speaking out in favor of racial integration and raising money for civil rights causes. By the end of the century, she could look back at a life that was never short on conflict, but that could be seen ultimately as a triumph. Lena Mary Calhoun Horne was born June 30, 1917, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Both sides of her family claimed a mixture of African-Americans, Native Americans, and Caucasians, and both were part of what black leader W.E.B. DuBois called "the talented tenth," the upper stratum of the American black population made up of middle-class, well-educated African-Americans. Her parents, however, might both be described as mavericks from that tradition. Her father, Edwin Fletcher Horne Jr., worked for the New York State Department of Labor, but one of her biographers describes him more accurately as "a 'numbers' banker": his real profession was gambling.

Love’s Last Shift

Love’s Last Shift by Cooley Sibber has something for everybody and therefore it is hailed as the opportunistic work. Its ‘virtues’ are many and it caters to the needs of audience of all types. It highlights the conflicts of the gender roles. It appeals to the sentiments of men and women both as it is the same old story through the ages– It is between him and her. The play doesn’t depict that the interests of men and women need to be at the loggerheads always and they should ever remain at war. It concedes that sentimental reconciliation is possible, though it leaves the hearts and minds of parties involved in the conflicts, damaged. This play has been hailed as the Restoration Comedy. It has daring sex scenes and enjoyable farce. From the point of view audience, such family dramas are immensely liked, for each man identifies himself with the male character and each woman with the female character. And the final reconciliation between the two calms he agitated minds of both male and female.   In the ultimate analysis, such a favorable result to the conflict is desired and welcomed by both. Summary of the plot: Amanda has a unique problem; it could as well be the problem of most of the wives. It is about reformation and rehabilitation of her husband. She earnestly desires to control her husband, Loveless, who has been   going astray. His only pastime for the last ten years is to budget his time between the brothel and the bottle. He goes to the extent of not recognizing his wife, when he returns to London. She seduces him, acting like a top-class prostitute, at her luxurious house, and Loveless is totally taken by her physical charms and guile. She treats him throughout the night, gives him everything the mad and crazy body-loving, sensuous man desires to have from a woman. The high drama goes on till the morning, when she reveals to him her true identity. The fickle-minded Loveless is greatly impressed by her faithfulness, and a reformed individual emerges out of his dubious â€Å"movement that drove laughter from the stage and ushered in the platitudinous sententiousness and dreary exemplars of moral propriety that abound in eighteen century sentimental comedy.†(Love’s†¦) Love’s Last Shift is his first play. (1696) In the meantime, the love-adventures of Sir Novelty, always fascinated with the women, that he comes into contact,   add to the humor of the play. His fickle-mindedness and weakness before the feminine charms is understandable by the male audience. The comedy depicts the status and position of the women of that era, and how she worked to maintain the essential dignity of the family life in the trials, tribulations, duty and beauty of her life. Character analysis: Taking to consideration to the era to which the play belonged, it needs to get the credit it deserves. The interesting character of Sir Novelty, who flirts with many women, but at the same time remains deeply interested in maintaining his own appearance, is the example of the then prevailing fashion trends. His witticisms are enjoyable and demand attention. Polygamy is nothing new in a society, but the style in which it is characterized in the play like the role of John Vanbrugh’s sequel, is thoroughly enjoyable. The play was the hit of the era but has not stood the test of the time. The characters of this sentimental comedy dominated the English stage for nearly a century. â€Å"Although Cibber drew extensively on the comedy of manners—his plays are sometimes said to be four acts of manners comedy followed by one act of sentimental comedy.†(Loves†¦) The rest are supportive roles, but each doing justice to the identity of the character to which it was created. The rakish young lover, Sir Novelty’s mistress Flareit, Sir Novelty Fashion etc. Love’s Last Shift confirms to the pattern of three such comedies by Cibber, â€Å"a husband and wife whose marriage is either in ruins or seriously in jeopardy, which mainly because of the man’s failure to appreciate his wife’s true qualities and his consequent pursuit of extra-marital sexual conquests. In each case, however, the husband is brought to a realization that true bliss is martial, and he, repents and reforms, virtue and ‘bourgeois’ morality emerge triumphant.†(Loves†¦)   In the present case, the wife has the taste of sweet revenge against her erring husband. Conclusion: Love’s Last Shift is Cibber’s first play. He â€Å"has often been accused of marking the beginning of the end of true comedy. Cultural historians would prefer to see his comedies as a symptom of the decisive social, political, and economic changes that took place during his lifetime, but there is no doubt that Cibber did much to transform comic drama in those years of transition between 1690 and 1710 during which the essentially satirical comedy of manners gave way to the essentially exemplary comedy of sentiments.†(Loves†¦) The fact that the play keeps the interest of the audience alive for a century means its characters have got to be truly exceptional and they must have weaved the magic on the stage. As for the criticism in the play, everyone has the right to criticize the prevailing social conditions. The suspenseful and comic sequences when Loveless makes love to his own wife, without being aware of it, are highly amusing. The role of Sir Novelty Fashion is challenging and has capacity to offer still challenge to the modern fashion-designer. References Cited: Article: Love’s Last   Shift (I696), has often been accused of marking the beginning of the end of true comedy. Cultural historians would prefer to see†¦ jstor.org/sici?sici=0306-2473(1976)6%3C278%3ATSC(LS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J – Retrieved on May 5, 2008.

Private military contractors Essay

Introduction Private soldiery contractors, handlewise known as buck unavowed credential department contractors provide a trope of unalike work for the UN armed powers in Iraq. assorted services include the preparation of meals, navigating ground forces supply vehicles, armed forces training and gage for US clear upicials. Some toffee-nosed armed services contractors also provide query and translating services for the US phalanx.Contractors providing this service in particualr scram been suspected of a number of tender-hearted rights evils at the Abu Ghraid Prison. Other activities by private force contractors subscribe raised issues close humanitarian c anerns and the offense of womrens rights. at that place ar shortly at least(prenominal) 100 private armed services contractors in Iraq.1 This discussion looks at the unique authority of private armed services companies in Iraq and examines their affect on the rights of women.Private Military Companies in Iraq The US military and the State division spends billions of dollars on private security contractors in Iraq.2 These contractors fit in to the uppercase Post beOut of public public opinion, consume been pursue in a par solelyel surge, boosting manpower, adding pricey armor and stepping up evasive bring through as attacks increase.3 The primary goal is to detonate chronic troop shortage and the number of invidual contractors ar between 20,000 and 30,000.4 David Isenberg in a stop by the British American gage In doation Council published on September 4, 2004 maintains that it is impossible to accurately study for the number of private military companies currently in Iraq. This is because only PMCs whose contracts hand $50 million argon requisite to be reported to Congress.5 Isenberg complains that the legal post of private military companies is especi bothy elusive since in that respect is no real supply in International law to scotch for their spot and de finition.6 While m some(prenominal) view the private military personnel as mercenaries, they do non fit the definition of mercenry within the meaning of the geneva practice.7 bind 47 describes a mercenary as an idividual who takes part in military fighting and is not a national andis make to take part in the hostilities essenti aloney by the desire for private solve and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material pay substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the fortify forces of that Party.8 James Conachy however, refers to these private military personnel as modern-day mercenaries.9 Conachy aligns their bodily front line with their abstract presence. While they be by and biggish not subjected to enhancer and legal compositionability in the traditional sense they operate out of unvarying and from unmarked vehicles.10 They go close to their bloodline in this manner cadence mann ing roadblocks, or stalking outstide building, with machine guns.11 As a result, the private militaray presence in Iraq has flex an ubiquitous and offensive symbol of the US occupation.12 Conachy maintains that the need for private military presence in Iraq is obviated by the bredth of US military deployment overseas following the September 11 terrorist attacks. Without the use of private military companies the US would be compelled to send more soldiers to Iraq from an already depleted armed force or would throw to seriously cogitate reviving the military draft.13 It is obvious from this estimate of the single purpose of the private military that distinguishes them from the Article 47 definition of mercenary. Mercenaries ar not aligned to a paritcular company and obviously the private military contractors be aligned to the US and argon use to facilitate the US militarys shortfall. The following description of private military duties takes them well outside of Article 47s d efinition of mercenary further more than in any opposite conflict in United States history, the Pentagon is relying on private security companies to perform decisive jobs once entrusted to the military.14It is clear that private military companies are not in true(a) combat. Mercernaries, according to the Geneva Convetions are actively fighting . adult male Rights Concern and Women In an article published in the Guardian, Luke Harding explains that the profuse extent of debase toward women by all sectors of the military in Iraq will not be fully known. This is earlier because Islamic women rarely discuss violations of a knowledgeable nature. impair, Harding maintains is a symbol of shame in the muslim world and victims can be killed to salvage family honour.15 The most shocking incidents of black treatment of women originate from the Abu Ghraib lag which was primarily manned by private military personnel.16 Accroding to Patrap Chatterjee the private militarys role at the A bu Ghraib lock was one of interrogation which brought them into more frequent contact with the captives than new(prenominal) jail personnel.17 The International Committee of the sanguine Cross reported that in October 2003 there were approximately thirty fe manful prisoners in the Abu Ghraib jail.18 fit to prison personnel, that number was trim back to louver by May of 2004.19 The Internation coalition for Peace and Freedom had documented any(prenominal) eye witness accounts of abuse at the Abu Ghraid jail. One such account was abandoned to Iman Khamas who heads the International Occupation Watch Center, a private organization that collects anti-human rights data. The account came from a former prisoner who told Khamas of a botch up incident at the jail. Khamas reports that the prisoner recalls that the prisoner said her cellmate had been rendered unconscious for 48 hours. She claimed she had been plundered 17 times in one day by Iraki practice of law in the presence of American soldiers.20 other report originated from Mohammed Daham al-Mohammed who heads an Iraqi group, the Union of Detainees and Prisoners. harmonise to a-Mohammed he was informed of a bugger off of quadruple who had been arrested in December of 2003 and killed herself laterwards macrocosm fumbled by US guards who squeeze her save to watch while incarcerated at the Abu Ghraib jail.21 According to the chars child the rape victim attached suicide.22 The victim had told her sister of incidents of physical abuse outside of the rape. In one account she recalled a American male wrench her by the hair and forcing her to look at her husband while the American took off her clothing. After this incident the rape took place. formerly released, the charr was afraid to face her husband since he had witnessed the rape and asked her sister to cooperate her commit suicide.23 A former male prisoner reported incidents where women were constantly distant from their cells to priva te rooms. The prisoner explainsThey had to pass in front of our tent and cried out, Find a way to kill us.24Human Rights groups explain that rape for a Islamic woman shames the entire family which is why these women would or else die having suffered a rape.25 Khamas recalls an incident in which she visited a woman at the Abu Ghraid jail and a womanish prisoner told her most a rape, but whispered in her ear despite the fact that no one else was present.26 Khamas, Mohommed and Hoda Nuaimi, a professor in politics at Baghdad University report that deuce-ace young rural women from the Sunni Muslim region of Al-Anbar, west of Baghdad, had been killed by their families after coming out of Abu Ghraib pregnant.Nuaimi said that in the case of some other such woman, who was four months pregnant, her brother had been reluctant to kill his sister because he considered her a victim.27 Luke Harding reports that the first information about abuse of distaff victims at the Abu Ghraib jail, a US facility first came to firing by a tone disgraceful out of the prison by a female person prisoner.28 In the credit line the woman claimed that women were being dishonor by US personnel and many of them had shape pregnant. The note also begged the Iraqis to bomb the jail to spare the women further shame.29 Swadi, a female lawyer among seven representing the female detainees indicated that the abuse was not limited to the Abu Ghraib jail and was contingency all over Iraq.30 The shame associated with rape and the consequence for family disgrace were evident in the following account from a female prisoner at al-Kharkh, a US military baseShe was the only woman who would talk about her case. She was crying. She told us she had been ravagedSeveral American soldiers had raped her. She had seek to fight them off and they had hurt her arm. She showed us the stitches. She told us, We induce daughters and husbands. For Gods interestingness dont tell anyone about this.31 Luke Hardi ng also reports that an investigation conducted by the US Military which was headed by Major cosmopolitan Antonio Taguba confirmed the contents of the note smuggled out of the Abu Ghraib facility. moreover, digital photographs, according to Tajubas findings also depitcted US personnel amiable in sexual contact with and Iraqi woman.32 Tajubas investigation also lay out videotapes of nude female prisoners.33 There are additional photographs of Iraqi women being forced at gun point to publicise their breasts.34 While these photographs have been relased to Congress they have not been released to the public.35 In May of 2004an Iraqi woman in her 70s had been harnessed and ridden like a donkey at Abu Ghraib and another coalition detention centre after being arrested last July.36UK Labor instalment of Parliament Ann Clwyd investigated the incident and confirmed that it was in fact true. The Iraqi elderly woman had been held without charge for at least three weeks during which time sh e was told that she was a donkey.37 Luke Harding explains the devastating consequences for female rape victims which only accentuates the abuse involved. According to HardingHonour killings are not fantastic in Islamic society, where rape is practically equated with shame and where the stigma of being raped by an American soldier would, according to one Islamic cleric, be bitter. The prospects for rape victims in Iraq are impenetrable it is hardly affect that no women have so far come in front to talk about their experiences in US-run jails where abuse was rife until early January.38 At the time of writing, Harding describes another incident of physical and intellectual abuse agianst female detainees in Iraq in which the private military personnel are activiely involved. Five women, according to Harding were being held in solitary confinement in cells standard just 2.5 meters in length and 1.5 meters in width at Abu Ghraib.39 Captain Dave Quantock who was thus in charge of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib told journalists that all female prisoners at Abu Ghraib are unploughed in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.40 The only entertainment the women are allowed is access to the Koran.41 Mystery surrounds the grounds upon which the five females in solitary confinement are held. The general term used is that they are held as security detainees.42 Swabi maintains that these women are being held for who they were married to and their potential intelligence value.43 Be that as it may, the degree of abusse cannot be justified. below both US and International laws the roughshod and inhuman treatement of prisoners at anytime is unlawful. International humanitarian laws contained in the Geneva Conventions 1949 of which the United States canonical since 1955 requires that during times of war and peace all prisoners are to be treated humanly.44 More over the Geneva Convention IV specifically prohibits rape and indecent lash out on women. Article 27 provides as followsWomen shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in grumpy against rape, enforced prostitutiOn, or any form of indecent assault.45 Judicth Gail Gardam and Hillary Charlesworth argue that women have eternally been at risk of violence in armed conflict. Although the emphasis has always been on sexual violence there have been other forms of violence against women. Gardam and Charlesworth note that the 1995 capital of Red China Platform for Action called for governments worldwide to map out out plans for combattingthe effects of armed or other kind of conflict on women, including those living under unknown occupation.46The Iraqi conflict and occupation and the violence against women is thus nothing new. What is perhaps more surprising is the fact that it could happen in light of international laws and attention to violence against women in the past.Conclusion An irony arises out of these reports. The US invasion has been called operation Iraqi free dom which presupposes a vastly humanitarian effort. that in the course of fighting for Iraqi freedom, those sent to fight for the cause have added to the problem. Roger Normand alleges that the US personnel in Iraq areviolating almost every law think to protect civilians living under foreign military occupation.47While many of these crimes are being committed by private military companies, the world at large and the Iraqi populace draw no distinction between the US soldiers and the security companies employed by them to help the cause.The private military and security personnel are agents of the US government and as such the US government is vicariosuly liable for the louse up of the private miliatary contractors. As long as they are permitted to continue working with and for the military and as long as they continue to violate international law specially article 27 of the fourth Geneva Convention, the US must take function for the ills committed by them. They cannot take the get without the burden.BibliographyCenter for Economic and Social Rights.(n.d.) unseasoned Report Documents Extensive U.S. War Crimes In Iraq. ready(prenominal) online at http//www.ccmep.org/2004_articles/iraq/061104_CESR.htm Retrieved December 11 2007Chatterjee, Pratap. (May 12, 2004) Private Contractors and Torture at Abu Ghraib, Iraq. democracy Now. Available online at http//www.democracynow.org/2004/5/12/private_contractors_and_torture_at_abu Retrieved December 11, 2007Conachy, Jamers. (May 3, 2004) Private Military Companies in Iraq Profiting from Colonialism.International committee of the Fourth Amendment. Available online at http//www.wsws.org/articles/2004/may2004/pmcs-m03.shtml Retrienved December 11, 2007Fainaru, Steve. (June 16, 2007) Iraq Contractors Face ontogenesis Parallel War As Security Work Increase, So do Casualties. Washington PostGardam, Judith, Gail and Charlesworth, Hillary. (Feb. 2000) Protection of Women in build up Conflict. Human Rights Quarterly Vol. 22 No. 1 pp 148-166Geneva ConventionHarding, Luke. (May 12, 2004) Focus Shifts to Jail Abuse of Women. The Guardian.Harding, Luke. (May 20, 2004) Rape in Iraq The other prisoners. The Guardian.Isenberg, David. (Sept. 4, 2004) A fistful of Contractors A Case For a matter-of-fact Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq. British American Security study Council, Research Report.Kabbara, Rouba. (May, 29, 2004) Human Rights Groups Iraqi Women Raoed at Abu Ghraib Jail. Peace Women Available online at http//www.peacewomen.org/ intelligence activity/Iraq/May04/Women%20in%20Prison.html Retrieved Deember 10 2007

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.